Shakespeare for KS3: Where to Start and How to Understand the Plays

Shakespeare is on the KS3 curriculum because his language, his ideas about power, identity, and human nature, and his theatrical techniques are a foundation for almost everything studied in English literature at GCSE and beyond. The language is unfamiliar at first, but with the right approach it becomes readable, analysable, and — genuinely — interesting.

Why does KS3 study Shakespeare?

The National Curriculum for England requires that all Key Stage 3 students read at least two of Shakespeare's plays, studied in detail (DfE, 2014). This is not an arbitrary tradition: Shakespeare's works are rich in the kinds of language, ambiguity, and structural complexity that develop the analytical skills students need throughout their education.

More practically, Shakespeare is compulsory at GCSE. A student who encounters his language for the first time in Year 10 is at a significant disadvantage compared to one who has already spent time with it in Year 7, 8, and 9. KS3 Shakespeare study is preparation.

The plays most commonly studied at KS3

While schools choose which plays to teach, four are studied most frequently at KS3:

Play | Genre | Key themes
A Midsummer Night's Dream | Comedy | Love, transformation, illusion, power
Romeo and Juliet | Tragedy | Love, conflict, fate, family loyalty
Macbeth | Tragedy | Ambition, guilt, power, gender
The Tempest | Romance | Power, colonialism, freedom, forgiveness

Twelfth Night and The Merchant of Venice are also taught in some schools. If you are unsure which play your school uses, check your scheme of work.

How to approach the language

The first challenge for KS3 students is Shakespeare's Early Modern English — the form of the language used in England between roughly 1500 and 1700. Several specific features cause most of the difficulty:

Inverted word order

Shakespeare often places the verb before the subject, or the object before the verb. "What light through yonder window breaks?" puts the object ("what light") first. Once you spot this pattern, many puzzling lines become clear: mentally reorder them into modern English.

"Thee," "thou," and "thy"

These are simply old forms of "you" and "your." "Thou" is the subject form (like "you"); "thee" is the object form; "thy" is the possessive (like "your"). They were informal in Shakespeare's time, used between close friends or used by someone of higher status addressing someone of lower status.

Archaic vocabulary

A small number of words appear regularly across Shakespeare's plays that students need to know:

Shakespearean word | Modern meaning
hath | has
doth | does
wherefore | why (not "where")
anon | soon
prithee | please
fie | an exclamation of disgust
soft | wait / be quiet
marry | indeed (a mild oath)

Verse versus prose

Most of Shakespeare's plays mix verse (poetry) with prose (ordinary speech). Verse is usually spoken by characters of high status; prose is usually spoken by lower-status characters, clowns, or in comic scenes. When characters switch between verse and prose, it is often deliberate and worth noting in your analysis.

Blank verse: iambic pentameter

Most of Shakespeare's verse is written in iambic pentameter: ten syllables per line, alternating between unstressed and stressed syllables (da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM). When Shakespeare breaks this rhythm — shortening a line, adding an extra syllable, or giving a character half a line — it is often a signal of something important: a dramatic pause, an interruption, or a moment of psychological stress.

Reading a scene for the first time: a practical approach

The most common mistake is to read Shakespeare silently in your head, trying to decode every word before moving on. This produces frustration and very little understanding. A more effective approach:

Read the scene out loud, even quietly to yourself, without stopping to look up words.

Watch a scene or act performed — the BBC or the Globe Theatre have widely available recordings. Seeing the action makes the language far more accessible.

Read a modern paraphrase of the scene (not as a replacement, but as a bridge to the original). BBC Bitesize provides scene-by-scene summaries for many KS3 plays.

Go back to the original text with the meaning now roughly understood and focus on the specific language Shakespeare uses and why.

This four-step sequence — read aloud, watch, paraphrase, return — is far more effective than trying to translate every word on a first pass.

An annotated example: a speech from Macbeth

The following speech is from Act 1, Scene 7 of Macbeth, in which Macbeth is deciding whether to murder King Duncan.

If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well It were done quickly. If th'assassination Could trammel up the consequence, and catch With his surcease success...

What it means: If killing Duncan would be the end of it — if the murder could trap all its consequences in a net and catch up all the success that should follow from his death...

What to analyse:

The repetition of "done" in line 1 is doing significant work: Macbeth cannot bring himself to say "murder" — the word "done" is a euphemism that reveals his psychological discomfort.

"Trammel" is a fishing net used to trap fish: Shakespeare's metaphor compares consequences to things that keep escaping — you cannot simply end a murder cleanly.

The sentence is grammatically unfinished (it trails into the famous image of "Pity, like a naked new-born babe"): this fractured structure reflects Macbeth's fractured thinking.

Even at this level of analysis — noticing the repeated word, the metaphor, and the incomplete sentence — you are engaging with Shakespeare analytically in a way that is directly relevant to KS3 assessment.

How to write about Shakespeare

When writing about Shakespeare at KS3, apply the same analytical paragraph structure (such as PEEZL — Point, Evidence, Explain, Zoom, Link) as for any other text. The key difference is that you should always be aware of Shakespeare's theatrical context:

He was writing for the stage, not the page — consider how a line would sound and how it would be performed.

His audiences at the Globe Theatre in the 1590s and 1600s would have recognised classical allusions, contemporary political events, and theatrical conventions that modern readers need to look up.

When you write, say "Shakespeare presents..." rather than "the character says..." — foregrounding the author as a deliberate craftsman.

BBC Bitesize's KS3 Shakespeare materials emphasise the importance of understanding historical and theatrical context, including how the original staging of plays at the Globe (an open-air theatre with minimal scenery) shaped the language Shakespeare used to create atmosphere through words alone.

Frequently asked questions

Which Shakespeare plays do you study at KS3?

The most commonly studied Shakespeare plays at KS3 are A Midsummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and The Tempest, though schools choose from a wider range. The DfE National Curriculum requires all KS3 students to read at least two Shakespeare plays in detail. Your school's English department will set the specific plays for each year group.

How do you understand Shakespeare if the language is too difficult?

Start by reading scenes aloud — hearing the rhythm of the language helps enormously. Watch a performance, either live or on video, before attempting detailed study of the text. Use a modern paraphrase (BBC Bitesize has summaries for many KS3 plays) to get the overall meaning, then return to the original to study the specific language choices. Focus on understanding the general meaning of a scene before worrying about every single word.

What does "iambic pentameter" mean in Shakespeare?

Iambic pentameter is the rhythm pattern used in most of Shakespeare's verse. Each line has ten syllables, alternating between unstressed and stressed: da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" is a perfect example. When Shakespeare breaks this pattern — writing a line with fewer syllables, an extra beat, or an unusual stress — it is almost always deliberate and worth noting in your analysis.

What is the difference between comedy and tragedy in Shakespeare?

In Shakespearean comedy, the play ends with harmony restored — usually through marriage, reconciliation, or reunion. In Shakespearean tragedy, the play ends with the death of the central character, usually brought about by a fatal flaw or a combination of external forces and internal weakness. At KS3, you should be able to identify which genre a play belongs to and explain how that genre shapes the audience's expectations and the play's thematic concerns.

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